1-10: CECABACCCA
11-20: ADCEEBCCDE
21-30: EAABEEBBBB
31-40: DDABDEABEB
41-50: BECCEECBED
51-60: ACAAEAEAAD
(1)
(i)It is written down in a single document and usually signed by those who oversaw the document being drafted and undertake to follow same.
(ii) Sections and chapters with clearly stated of Fundamental right of the citizens and its exceptions.
(iii) Minimum expectations from leaders as well as people are listed so that they may, with passing time, be updated.
(iv) System of the political structure of the government and a strict adherence to its provisions.
(v) Certain areas maintaining status quo are marked out so that like above mentioned promises, they may be worked upon.
(vi)Method of determining issues related to nationality, socio economic equity and welfare are set out. These are inflexible, usually.
(6)
(i)The independence constitution provided for a democratic parliamentary system of government whereby the office of the head of State is different from the office of the head of government.
(ii) A federal system of government was retained.
(iii) Queen Elizabeth was still the Head of state, Nnamdi Azikwe, the Governor – General, was a ceremonial Head of State representing the Queen until October 1st1963 when Nigeria became a republican State.
(iv) The prime minister was the Head of government and administration {Tafawa Balewa}.
(v) The constitution provided for a bi-cameral legislature at the center, the Senate (upper house) and House of Representatives ( lower house).
(vi) The constitution provided a premier as the Head of the executive of each region.
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(9)
(i) Appointment of the Executive Secretary: It is the body that appoints the Executive Secretary for the organisation.
(ii) Decision-Making: It is the highest decision making body.
(iii) Regional economy: It discusses issues pertaining to the economy of the sub-region.
(iv) Recommendations: It approves the recommendations of the council of ministers
(v) Treaties and agreements: It approves all agreements and treaties entered into by the community.
(vi) Amendment of the charter: It approves prosposals initiated for the amendment of the charter establishing the community
2)Public opinion consists of the desires, wants, and thinking of the majority of the people; it is the collective opinion of the people of a society or state on an issue or problem. This concept came about through the process of urbanization and other political and social forces
: 8a
Colonialism
Colonialism is the policy of a polity seeking to extend or
retain its authority over other people or territories,
generally with the aim of developing or exploiting them
to the benefit of the colonizing ...
Imperialism
Imperialism
refers to political or economic control, either formally or
informally. In simple words, colonialism can be thought
to be a practice and imperialism as the idea driving the
practice.
Nationalism
Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system
characterized by the promotion of the interests of a
particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and
maintaining sovereignty over the homeland.
Warranty chief
Warrant Chiefs, Africa. ... The British appointed willing
participants or collaborators and gave them "warrants"
to act as local representatives of the British
administration among their people.
: *4i)The Role of Equity Legislation*
Sometimes, the law do seems to be inconsistent with some of the laws. In other words, laws could be ambitious, that is to say that the laws are silent, and in such cases, it is incumbent on the Judge to bring in his wisdom.
This is where the Judge’s sense of honesty, fairness, justice and impartially is necessary to decides on the case. Sometimes, in the cause of deciding on such cases, the Judge will indirectly involved himself in the process of law making. That is why it is called equity legislation.
*ii)Judiciary Protects People’s Rights*
The judiciary is vested with the power of safeguarding the rights of the Nigerian citizenry. That is its supreme responsibility as the third organ of government. In the case, where the citizen’s rights is threatened, or maybe, violated by whoever, the individual has the constitution right as a Nigerian citizen to seek his protection from the Nigerian judiciary, because one major function of the judiciary is the protection of the rights of the Nigerian citizens, even foreigners, since it has to do with human rights.
*iii)Juduciary Conducts Judicial Inquiries*
More often, issues of state important do come up that normally begs for inquiries. In such a situation, court Judges are normally called upon to serve such purposes. Once Enquiry Commissions are constituted, Judges are always the people to head such commissions.
Some of the issues that warrant such inquiries could be those issues that have to do with alleged errors or sometimes, omissions on the part of government, sometimes too, on the part of some public servants. The role of Judges who head such Commissions of enquiry is to investigate on some important and
*iv)Judiciary Special Role in a Federation*
The judiciary has more vital role to play, where a federal system of government is practice, such as the Nigerian situation. This role include, guarding the constitution and as well as arbitering disputes involving say, the federal and the state governments.
*V)Judiciary Interprets and Applies Laws*
Another functions of the judiciary is the interpretation and the application of laws to all cases. We are in the know that, judiciary disputes and as well, decides on cases brought before it. In the course of doing this, the judges can be said to have interpret and apply laws.
: 8a
Colonialism
Colonialism is the policy of a polity seeking to extend or
retain its authority over other people or territories,
generally with the aim of developing or exploiting them
to the benefit of the colonizing ...
Imperialism
Imperialism
refers to political or economic control, either formally or
informally. In simple words, colonialism can be thought
to be a practice and imperialism as the idea driving the
practice.
Nationalism
Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system
characterized by the promotion of the interests of a
particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and
maintaining sovereignty over the homeland.
Warranty chief
Warrant Chiefs, Africa. ... The British appointed willing
participants or collaborators and gave them "warrants"
to act as local representatives of the British
administration among their people.
*4i)The Role of Equity Legislation*
Sometimes, the law do seems to be inconsistent with some of the laws. In other words, laws could be ambitious, that is to say that the laws are silent, and in such cases, it is incumbent on the Judge to bring in his wisdom.
This is where the Judge’s sense of honesty, fairness, justice and impartially is necessary to decides on the case. Sometimes, in the cause of deciding on such cases, the Judge will indirectly involved himself in the process of law making. That is why it is called equity legislation.
*ii)Judiciary Protects People’s Rights*
The judiciary is vested with the power of safeguarding the rights of the Nigerian citizenry. That is its supreme responsibility as the third organ of government. In the case, where the citizen’s rights is threatened, or maybe, violated by whoever, the individual has the constitution right as a Nigerian citizen to seek his protection from the Nigerian judiciary, because one major function of the judiciary is the protection of the rights of the Nigerian citizens, even foreigners, since it has to do with human rights.
*iii)Juduciary Conducts Judicial Inquiries*
More often, issues of state important do come up that normally begs for inquiries. In such a situation, court Judges are normally called upon to serve such purposes. Once Enquiry Commissions are constituted, Judges are always the people to head such commissions.
Some of the issues that warrant such inquiries could be those issues that have to do with alleged errors or sometimes, omissions on the part of government, sometimes too, on the part of some public servants. The role of Judges who head such Commissions of enquiry is to investigate on some important and
*iv)Judiciary Special Role in a Federation*
The judiciary has more vital role to play, where a federal system of government is practice, such as the Nigerian situation. This role include, guarding the constitution and as well as arbitering disputes involving say, the federal and the state governments.
*V)Judiciary Interprets and Applies Laws*
Another functions of the judiciary is the interpretation and the application of laws to all cases. We are in the know that, judiciary disputes and as well, decides on cases brought before it. In the course of doing this, the judges can be said to have interpret and apply laws.
10a
ETHNIC CONFLICT IN NIGERIA: CAUSES
AND SOLUTION
Nigerians are very sensitive when it comes to their ethnic
groups. An average Nigerian often sees his own tribe as
being superior to others. Ethnic conflicts are very
common and they bring about damage to lives and
properties. The key causes and solution to ethnic conflict
in Nigeria are discussed here.
Ethnic Conflict
CAUSES OF ETHNIC CONFLICT IN NIGERIA
TRIBALISM
Tribalism: Nigerians tend to segregate and discriminate
against people that are not from the same tribe. This
causes jealousy, hatred and can further cause conflict
between two or more ethnic groups.
INEQUALITY
Inequity: If it seems the government favours one ethnic
group over the other in the allocation of resources, e.g
budget allocation. The concerned tribe would feel slighted
and show their protests by acts of violence, which may
result in ethnic conflict in Nigeria.
LAND DISPUTES
Land disputes: if it happens that two states have a
dispute over the ownership of a piece of land that serves
as a boundary, there is bound to be disagreement
between the two ethnic groups.
HISTORY
History: if two ethnic groups have had a long-standing
history of conflict between each other, such is bound to
continue even in the present.
IGNORANCE
Ignorance: Many individuals live in total ignorance about
other ethnic groups. They instead dwell on rumors of the
negative things about other tribal groups apart from theirs.
This would make them develop a hatred for other tribal
groups.
SOLUTIONS TO ETHNIC CONFLICT In Nigeria SENSITISATION
Sensitization: There should be workshops to sensitize
and create awareness to the general public on the need
for national unity and patriotism.
EQUITY
Equity: the government should be careful enough to share
financial resources and otherwise, equally.
DIALOGUE
Dialogue: the two ethnic parties should employ the use of
dialogue to settle disputes.
Creation of Job opportunities
Creation of Job opportunities: there should be the
presence of an enabling environment to engage the
youths to avoid idleness. They should be adequately
trained on how to establish small and medium scale
enterprises.
INTEGRATION
Integration: platforms, where Nigerians get to learn more
about other ethnic groups, should be encouraged. This
would inculcate the spirit of unity and togetherness
among citizens.
4.
The works and duties of the judiciary in a democratic system of government is to interprete the law and punish law breakers.
The judiciary should not be controlled by any arms of government so as to be able to carry out it efficiency as an independent body.
The judiciary also advocates the law and makes the law made known.the judiciary works is to remain unbias irrespective of the situation.
(No 7)
Under the 1979 Nigerian Constitution, in order to be elected
President on the first ballot a candidate needed to receive
both the most votes nationwide and at least 25% of the
vote in two-thirds of the states. However, at the time of the
election, Nigeria had nineteen states, two-thirds of which in
exact figures is 12.66. A dispute thus ensued over whether
Shehu Shagari had received the necessary threshold by
winning 25% in twelve states and 19.9% in Kano State,
which Shagari claimed was two-thirds of the required 25%
threshold and represented the remaining 0.66 in the
constitutional threshold. Obafemi Awolowo claimed that the
threshold should be rounded up to thirteen states, which
Shagari had not met. The Supreme Court of Nigeria ruled in
favour of Shagari.
Parliamentary elections were held in Nigeria on 7 July 1979
for the first time since 1964 to elect a Senate and House of
Representatives on 14 July. The result was a victory for the
National Party of Nigeria , which won 36 of the 95 Senate
seats and 168 of the 449 House seats. [1] It formed a
coalition with the Nigerian People's Party in order to gain a
majority. [2] Voter turnout was just 30.7% in the House
election. [3]
Electoral system
Members of both houses were elected using the single-
member plurality electoral system. Each State was divided
into five districts, each of which elected a Senator. Each
State was also allocated a number of seats in the House of
Representatives based on its proportion of the population.
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